How to Design a Simple Isolated Power Supply - Linear Technology

!: How to Design a Simple Isolated Power Supply - Linear Technology

with Mike Negrete, Design Engineer - Power Products video.linear.com Isolated power supplies are needed in a wide variety of applications. Galvanic isolation is achieved by isolating two or more circuits using a transformer or optocoupler, and is desirable for many reasons: safety, noise immunity, circuit protection, etc.

How to Design a Simple Isolated Power Supply - Linear Technology

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Ah, a finished project from this summer! Its nice to finally have this up and running. Now I just need to get a nice isolation transformer and the real fun stuff can begin!

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What is Electrical Transformer Used For?

!: What is Electrical Transformer Used For?

The electrical energy has become one of the important things in people life. This energy is supplied to all houses and industries. But sometimes voltage fluctuation can cause problems. So to avoid these kinds of problems electrical transformer are installed near your place. Transformer is device which changes current voltage from one circuit to another electric circuit through electromagnetic induction. These are for increasing or decreasing the voltage which comes from substation. There are many varieties of transformers which supplies electricity to houses. Some of the transformers are custom current transformer, high transformer voltage, flyback transformer, electrical transformer, audio, isolation, step up and step down and power transformer.

Electrical transformer:

Switching of voltage from one point to another is known as electrical transformer. These consist of two types of coil conductors known as primary and secondary conductors. These are mainly used for transferring current from power plants to residential and commercial places. Generally it consists of high voltage at the power plant. Now there is a substation between the power plant and residential place. The voltage is reduced a bit when it reaches the substation. Same way the voltage is even more reduced when it reaches to the transformer. This process is repeated till the power comes down to usable level. The current here travels through coils which are covered by core. Now you can find out whether it act at your place gets high voltage or low voltage. Its simple enough, if the transformer has more coils then its high voltage and if it is less then low voltage.

These also have different types of transformer which helps in controlling the voltage level. There are step up electrical device which helps in increasing the voltage level and step down electrical transformer which reduces the voltage level. Generally the houses are run by electricity at limit amount of voltage. The voltage coming from power plant can be either high or low. So for leveling voltage the above transformers are used. These are convenient, efficient and easy way of transferring electric energy to residential and commercial places.

Electric power is used more efficiently than before and therefore, it help in transferring these powers to houses. These transformers can transfer power to far places in easy and efficient manner and they are also cost effective. Now these transformers have become a necessity in people lives. In fact these are inexpensive way of transmitting current all over the world.

Electrical transformers are the most inexpensive but high quality transformer for supplying electricity to houses. The advantage of these device is they store the energy given by a source and then it transfer to the other source. This transformer supplies efficient current to its users at very less and competitive prices.

What is Electrical Transformer Used For?

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Classic Literature VideoBook with synchronized text, interactive transcript, and closed captions in multiple languages. Audio courtesy of Librivox. Read by David Barnes.

The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka - Whole Book

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• TRIPP LITE TRIPPLITE IS250HG 250W ISOLATION TRANSFORMER HOS

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Various Functions Preformed by Isolation Transformer

!: Various Functions Preformed by Isolation Transformer

Transformers include two or more coils or ferromagnetic core called windings. If there will be a few electrical changes in the main winding then it makes a discontinuous magnetic field in the core. As a result, this repeats the variation as well as the field from beginning to end of the secondary windings. Consequently, in turn this arouses intermittent electrical energy in each and every secondary coil. Lots of applications are there under the Isolation transformers. Isolation transformers detach circuit into primary and secondary windings.

Isolation transformers are being used to protect capacitance that enhances in connecting the primary and secondary windings that can source high frequency sound. A transformer changes one stage of voltage or to another by inducing the electrical energy from one winding to the other winding. In fact, the circuits of input and productivity are isolated since the windings will not be in contact.

Isolation transformer performs lots of roles; therefore if you wish to know the roles performed by this transformer then you have to understand it thoroughly. Many functions performed by isolation transformer which are useful in various industries. Followings are some of the functions performed by this transformer so now lets have a look on them:

Isolation transformer switches isolation:

A number of industries have a need of various applications for segregating circuits but they don't want to increase or decrease the voltage or electrical energy. The coils (the primary and secondary) of this kind of transformers that is include the same number of windings; ratio of both windings will be 1 to 1. Therefore it is easy for this transformer to separate them.

Provide protection:

Custom power transformers facilitate to separate the consumer from the source in order to provide safety. Isolation transformer will connect the yacht to an electric power line but this work will be completed in such a manner that the crafts electric wiring will not be gripping the electric power stripe in actuality.

Audio segregation is possible:

When it comes to prevent from any type of noise or in case you require decreasing sound then the amount generated through an audio amplifier needs to take apart the part of module from the amplifier. This type of transformer connects the signal to the amplifier within the speaker output circuit by not including any substantial link.

Facilitate RF separation:

The amount generated from a radio spreader needs to set apart the large tools of the circuit from the transmitter line. With the help of an isolation transformer the amounts produced by radio frequency amplifier connect the transmitted signals in the direction of the antenna.

Help DC power segregation:

Telephone lines grab complex digital information and that is the reason these lines have need of amplifiers at repeated intervals. These kinds of transformers carry out the isolation of the DC components from the signal to control each and every amplifier in the stripe. Transformers perform this task at the input as well as outcome of each amplifier.

Various Functions Preformed by Isolation Transformer

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• Complete line isolation noise filtering and surge suppression
• Supports combined loads up to 250 watts continuously
• Faraday shield offers 100% isolation from input AC line
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IEC 61558-2-4 Ed. 1.0 b:1997, Safety of power transformers, power supply units and similar - Part 2: Particular requirements for isolating transformers for general use

This part 2 of IEC 61558 applies to stationary or portable, single-phase or polyphase, air-cooled isolating transformers, associated or otherwise. It has the status of a group safety publication in accordance with IEC Guide 104. This part 2 supplements or modifies the corresponding clauses in IEC 61558-1, This Standard replaces Chapter I of IEC 742.

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The Dayton VIT-1 virtually eliminates the 60 Hz hum introduced into your home entertainment system through your analog cable or antenna connection, and is usually noticed when connecting a powered subwoofer to your home theater system. A passive design does not affect your analog cable tv signal strength (not recommended for use ondigital cable or cable modem installations). In extreme cases the use of a grounding block may also be necessary. Connect the transformer in-line between your cable line and TV using the female F-connector on the cable side, and the male F-connector on the TV. Operating frequency: 54 MHz to 1 GHz. Note: Interferes with digital cable, cable modem, and satellite TV operation.

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Isolation Transformers

!: Isolation Transformers

In this video I tvrepairinfo.com speak a bit of "adding isolation transformers. In the video of the future, I hope, the theme of separation is coming back. =================== ===================== Ifyour repair a professional looking for a better understanding of LCD-TV as a hobby or electronics here are some good resources. troubleshooting and repair of LCD TVs at John Prehen http For those who are not with the electronics on the covers of this book maybe a bit "challenging, but the majorityThis book is easy to read with many pictures, diagrams and useful techniques for solving problems. John's book gives a good impression of the key points you should be to demonstrate the tensions and the approximate look. ======================================== How to troubleshoot and repair power supplies by Yong Jestine to davestv. jestinemichellepow.click2sell.eu This book is a bit "spendy but I'm still glad I bought. I think it is a must. Jestine is good, the rightthe most important points you need to understand about the solution of this kind of power and associated feedback circuitry. Since most of the problems I have seen on the LCD TV power supplies, which are poorly connected I thought I would pay for itself many times. Most of the book was just too many pictures and diagrams to read. ======================================== Electronic components, test and search for values ​​Jestine Yong unknown resistance. I have not read http Jestin...

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800RLCINCZ Finish: Bronze Pictured in satin nickel Features: -Rail isolating connector. -Available in bronze and satin nickel finishes. -Joins sections of rail and isolates power feeds from each other. -All dual-feed canopies are shipped with an isolating component; order isolating connectors if required by layout. -Overall dimensions: 0.3'' H x 1.4'' W x 0.9'' D. Specifications Installation Instructions

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Thermal Plants

!: Thermal Plants

SWITCHYARD and GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE

Electrical energy management system ensures supply of energy to every consumer at all times at rated voltage, frequency and specified waveform, at lowest cost and minimum environmental degradation. The switchgear, protection and network automation are integral parts of the modern energy management system and national economy.

The modern 3-ph, 50 Hz, AC interconnected system has several conventional and non-conventional power plants, EHV AC and HVDC Transmission system, Back to Back HVDC coupling stations, HV Transmission network, substations, MV and LV Distribution systems and connected electrical loads. The energy in electrical form is supplied to various consumers located in vast geographical area, instantly, automatically, and safely with required quality at all times. The service continuity and high quality of power supply have become very important.

For fulfilling the foresaid purpose, a state of the art, scientifically and technologically advanced SUBSTATION is required. Sub-Station is the load control center of the thermal plant where power at rated voltage, frequency and waveform is exported/imported as per requirements.

The substation at GHTP Lehra Mohabat has only one 220 KV switchyard. There are two output units each having a capacity of 210 MW. The generating voltage is limited to 15.75 KV and this voltage as stepped up by two-generator transformer 15.75/220 KV manufactured by BHEL. A part of 15.75 KV supply is fed to unit auxiliary transformer, which is stepped down to voltage 6.6 KV which is used to run the major auxiliaries of the plant.

After step up, the 220 KV output from the generator transformer is fed to either of the two bus bars through relays and circuit breakers and these are connected to various feeders through various equipments.
DIFFERENT TYES OF EQUIPMENTS USED IN SUB-STATIONS

1. BUS-BARS: -

Bus bar is a term used for main bar of conductor carrying an electric current to which many connections may be made. These are mainly convenient means of connecting switches and other equipments into various arrangements.

At GNDTP there are two 220 KV bus bars. These are made of aluminium and all the incoming and outgoing supplies are connected through the bus bars.

2. LIGHTENING ARRESTORS: -

These are equipments designed to protect insulators of power lines and electrical installations from lightening surges by diverting the surge to earth and instantly restoring the circuit insulation to its normal strength with respect to earth.

3. CURRENT TRANSFORMERS: -

The main purpose of current transformer is to step down the current to a level that the indicating and Monitoring instruments can read. When rated current flows through its primary winding, a current of nearly 1 amp will appear in its secondary winding.

The primary is so connected that the current being passes through it and secondary winding is connected to an ammeter. The CT steps down the current to the level of the ammeter.

4. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER: -

These are used to step do the voltage to a level that the potential coils of indicating and Monitoring instruments can read. These are also used to feed the potential coils of relays. The primary winding is connected to the voltage being measured and the secondary winding to a voltmeter. The PT steps down the voltage to the level of the voltmeter.

5. POWER TRANSFORMER: -

These are used to step up down the voltage from one a.c voltage to another a.c voltage level at the same frequency. Shunt reactor in EHV substations is to provide reactive power compensation during low loads.

6. WAVE TRAP: -

Wave trap is used to prevent high frequency signals from entering other zones.

7. INDICATING AND METERING INSTRUMENTS: -

Ammeters, voltmeters, watt meters, KWH meters, KVAR meters are installed in sub-station to watch over the currents flowing in the circuit and the voltages and the power loads.

8. ISOLATORS: -

One of the cardinal measures for ensuring full safety in carrying out work on equipment in electrical installations is to disconnect reliably the unit or the section on which the work is to be done from all other live parts of the installation. To guard against mistakes, it is necessary that apparatus, which makes a visible break in the circuit such as isolators, should do this.

Isolators do not have arc control devices therefore cannot be used to interrupt currents at which the arc will be drawn across the contacts. The open arc in these is very dangerous, in that it will not only damage the isolator or the equipment surrounding it but will also cause the flashover between the phase in other words, it will result in short circuit in the installation i.e. why isolators are used only for disconnecting parts after de-energizing them by opening their respective circuits by use of their circuit breakers.

9. EARTHING SWITCHES: -

Earthing switch is used to discharge the voltage on dead lines to earth. An auxiliary switch to provide interlock always accomplishes it.

10. CIRCUIT BREAKERS: -

Circuit breakers are mechanical devices designed to close o open contact or electrical circuit under normal or abnormal conditions. CB is equipped with a strip coil directly attached to relay or other means to operate in abnormal conditions such as over power etc. In GNDTP three types of CB are used. SF6 CB is used to control 220 KV in switchyard.
VCB are used to control 6.6kv in switchgear & ABCB are used to control 415 KV in switchgear.

In sulphar puffer type SF6 CB is filled with SF6 gas at single pressure (4to6kgf/cm2). The pressure and gas flow required for arc extinction is obtained by piston action.

In double pressure type SF6 CB the gas from high-pressure system is released to into low-pressure system over the arc during the arc quenching process.

SPECIFICATIONS OF CB TYPE ELF-SL4-1

S. NO. SPECIFICATIONS RATINGS

1. Voltage 245KV

2. Normal current 3150 A

3. Lightening impulse withstand Voltage 1050V

4. Switching impulse withstand voltage 1050V

5. Short circuit breaking current 40KA

6. Short circuit withstand current And duration 40KA 3 sec

7. Line charging breaking current 125A

8. Operating sequence - First pole to clear factor 1.3

9. Supply voltage 220 V dc

10. Auxiliary circuit supply voltage 240 V dc

11. Air pressure 20.5 bar

12. Frequency 50 HZ

13. Mass 3800 kg

14. Rated current 1600 A

11. VARIOUS OTHER EQUIPMENTS

Shunt capacitors are used to provide compensation to reactive loads of lagging power factor.

Series reactors are used to reduce the short circuit current or starting currents. Neutral grounding resistors are used to limit the earth fault current.

Coupling capacitors are used to provide connection between high voltage line and power line carrier equipment.

Operating Voltage 230 V
Rated current 2000 A
Minimum short circuit current in bus bars 40 KV
Minimum phase to phase clearance 2.5 M
Number of horizontal levels of tubular bus bar/flexible bus bars 2.0 M
Height of tubular bus-bar of first level above ground 6 m
Height of tubular bus-bar of second level above ground 4 m
Tubular aluminium bus bar AL ASTMB241 4"IPS (International pipe standard)

VARIOUS SUBSYSTEMS IN SUBSTATIONS AND THEIR FUNCTION

S.NO. SYSTEM FUNCTION

1. Substation Earthing (Grounding) System - Earth mat - Earthing spikes - Earthing risers To provide an earth mat for connecting neutral points, equipment body, support structures to earth. For safety of personnel and for enabling earth fault protection. To provide the for discharging the earth currents neutrals, faults, surge arrestors over-head shielding wires etc. with safe step- Potential and touch potential.

2. Overhead earth wire shielding or lightning To protect the outdoor substation equipment from lightning strokes.

3. Illumination system (lightning) - For switchyards - Buildings - Roads, etc. To provide illumination for vigilance, operation and maintenance.

4. Protection system - Protection relay panels - Control cables - Circuit breakers - CT's, PT's, etc. To provide alarm or automatic tripping of faulty part from healthy part and also to minimize damage to faulty equipment and associated system.

5. Control cabling For protective circuits, control circuits, metering circuits.

6. Power cables To provide supply path to various auxiliary equipments and machines.

7. PLCC system power line carrier current system - Line trap - Coupling capacitor - PLCC panels For communications, telemetry, tele control power line carrier protection, etc.

8. Fire fighting system - Sensors, detection system - Water spray system - Fire protection control Panels To sense the occurrence of fire by sensors and to initiate water power spray, to disconnect power supply to affected region to pin point location of fire by indication in control room.

9. J Cooling water system - Coolers - Water tanks This system is required for cooling the valves in HVDC substation.

10. DC batteries sets and battery chargers Auxiliary low voltage DC supply.

11. Auxiliary stand by power System - Diesel generator sets - Switch gear - Distribution system For supplying starting power, stand by power for auxiliaries.

12. Telephone system For internal and external Communication.

12. BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT IN SWITCHYARDS

There are several ways in witch the switchyard can be connected in the electrical layout of generating station, receiving station or a switchgear in a distribution system. The following aspects in general affect the selection of the scheme:

1. Degree of flexibility of operations desired.

2. Importance of load and local conditions.

3. Economic conditions, availability, and cost.

4. Technical conditions.

5. Maintenance, safety of personnel.

6. Simplicity.

7. Provision of extension.

8. Protective zones.

DUPLICATE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT

The duplicate bus bar system provides additional flexibility, continuity of supply and permits periodic maintenance without total shut down. In the event of fault o n one bus the other bus can be used.

While transferring the power to the reserve bus, the following steps may be performed:

1. Close tie circuit breaker, i.e. bus coupler. The two buses are now at the same potential.
2. Close isolators on reserve bus starting from far end.
3. Open isolators o9n main bus starting from far end.

Each pole of the circuit breaker comprises one or more interrupts or arc extinguishing chambers. The interrupts are mounted on support insulators. The interrupts enclose a set of fixed and moving contact. The moving contacts can be drawn apart by means of the operating links of the operating mechanism. The operating mechanism of the circuit breaker gives necessary energy for opening and closing of contacts of the circuit breaker.

13. RELAYS

Relay is a device by means of which an electric circuit (trip or alarm circuit) is controlled (closed) by change in the other circuit. Relays are automatic. The function of relay in power supply system is to recognize a start out and to initiate the operation of CB or other devices to isolate the defective elements with minimum disturbance to the normal power supply system. The must operate at required speed and stability to prevent the current and voltage to exceed their limits.

A few relays with their international codes are mentioned below:

S. NO. CODES TYPES

1. 27 Instantaneous under voltage relay

2. 99 Composite motor protection relay

3. 64 Earth fault relay

4. 87M Differential relay for motors

5. 50N Earth fault relays with times for time delayed operation

6. 95 Fuse failure relay

7. 80 Auxiliary supply for DC supervision

8. 80B DC supply control supervision

9. 80A Relay for mains

10. 500/L Triple pole over current definite term

11. 98 Trip circuit supervision relay

12. 87 Triple pole circulating current

13. 63 Auxiliary relay for transformer fault indication

14. 33B Auxiliary relay for stop

15. 25 Check synchronizing relay

16. 52SC Instantaneous high set over current relay

17. 2B Static time delay relay

18. 51RYB Single pole (IDMTL) Inverse definite Minimum time over current relay.

THE FAULT CLEARING PROCESS

During abnormal or faulty conditions the relays sense the fault and close the trip circuit of the circuit breaker.

As the relay contact close, the trip circuit is closed and the operating mechanism of the CB opens and an arc is drawn between them. The arc is extinguished at some natural current zero of a.c. wave.

o Fault Occurs: - As the fault occurs the fault impedance being low, the currents increase and the relay get actuated. The moving part of the relay moves because of the increase in the operating torque. The relay takes some time to close its contacts.

o Relay contacts close, the trip CB closes and trip coil is energized.

o The operating mechanism starts operating for the opening operations. The CB contacts separate.

o Arc is drawn between the breaker contacts. The arc extinguished in the CB by suitable techniques. The current reaches final zero as the arc is extinguished.

SWITCHGEAR

The switchgear constitutes all parts or equipments of power plant whose function is to receive and distribute electric power. It comprises of the following:

· Assemblies of switching apparatus

· Protective and indicating metering devices

· Interconnecting bus bar systems and relevant Accessories

Functions of Switchgear: -

The functions performed by switchgear are listed below: -

· To facilitate redistribution of load, inspection and maintenance of system.
· To localize the effects of faults by operation of protective equipment so automatically disconnect faulty part from the system.
· To break efficiently short circuits without giving rise to dangerous conditions.

The switchgear has the responsibility of transmitting the power from the generator to the grid. However plant also needs power for its working. It is mandatory not to use more than 10% of the power developed by the plant. So that all the auxiliaries and lightening system of the plant must be designed in such a way that there consumption is in the limit.

There are two bus bars placed in ducts, which supply power to the switchgear and are fed by two station transformers ST-I and ST-II. The rating of these identical bus bars is 6.6 KV, 3150 Amps, 50 Hz. These are known as C-I and C-II station buses respectively. The material of conductor is Aluminium. C-I station bus feeds US-IA & US-2A buses and C-II feeds US-IB & US-2B buses. C-I & C-II buses are also interlinked. These unit service buses feed the different kinds of load.

The auxiliary voltage for the ac supply system is 6.6 KV and 415 V. 6.6 KV supply system is provided with high resistance grounded neutral with provision of alarm/ trip. 415V auxiliary supply system has solidly/high resistance earthed neutral. All the electric motors of 150 KW rating or below are rated at 415 V and motors above 160 KW are rated at 6.6 KV.

GENERAL ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES IN THE PLANT

Electrical Auxiliary System

· AC Auxiliary supply system

· DC supply system

AC auxiliary supply system is used to feed all the AC auxiliaries installed in the plant.

The DC supply system which consists of 220 V DC, 110 V DC,
+/- 24 V DC, 48 V DC etc. is used for control supplies as required for system control and protection equipment.

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!: Knowing the Hazards and the Proper Way of Handling and Storing Battery Acid

Sulfuric acid comes by so many names and one is battery acid. The industrial use of the chemical is extensive. It is known in the automotive world as battery acid because it is mainly found in vehicle batteries in slightly varying concentrations. Nevertheless, it acts as an electrolyte in the particular wet cells, reacting with lead plates to produce needed current to make vehicle engine start. Of course, the necessity for a car battery cannot be questioned as much as maintenance of the quality of the acid inside the battery is also a necessity.

However, with the known nature of the chemical, it is only right to observe proper handling measures. Exposure to sulfuric acid may call for medical emergency. The chemical corrodes the skin and causes burns to the exposed tissue. Since the acid inside the battery is essentially sulfuric acid, then handling precautions would be quite similar to the mentioned mineral acid. The instantaneous effect is burning of the exposed tissue. The acid mixes with water to release heat although there may little opportunity to blend water and the acid, especially if you are using a maintenance-free battery. Even in maintenance-accessible car batteries, adding of distilled water into the battery poses minimal risk.

Risk of exposure can be after accidental spillage or improper disposal. Sulfuric acid is a dangerous compound that is highly reactive. When the acid is released in the environment, it poses risk to the surrounding as well as to living organisms. Mists of the acid can be inhaled injuring the mucus lining of the upper respiratory tract. In severe Cases, this could result to accumulation of fluid in the lungs. While ingestion is rather a result of negligence and unimaginable recklessness, it does happen though in rare instances. Skin and eye exposure are more common. The latter can lead to vision impairment while skin contact may result in varying degrees of irritation to severe, fatal burning depending on amount of exposure. Workers working with the chemical are prone to chronic exposure with poor workplace conditions. Prolonged exposure to mist and vapors of the acid can damage the respiratory lining as well as the teeth. Some specialists warn about the carcinogenic effect of the chemical acid.

The preparation of battery acid relies upon dilution of sulfuric acid. It is an industrial function, a process only carried out under controlled conditions with trained professionals. You never add acid to car batteries since the amount of electrolyte in the wet cell is already fixed and addition of acid alters the electrolyte content. On the other hand, you cannot pour out sulfuric acid out of the vehicle battery. This is extremely dangerous and could lead to exposure and accidents. Being in the league of strong acids, it reacts with any organic material and metals in a heat-evolving reaction, sometimes capable of igniting nearby combustible objects.

The contents of lead acid batteries should be well kept inside the batteries to avoid exposure. In Case of leak or spill, the area in concern must be ventilated. Do not touch the area where spillage is present. Isolate the area in concern and prevent unprotected people from entering the vicinity or going near the spot. Don't attempt to clean the area yourself without appropriate gear and protective equipment. If you are unsure how to recover the spilled acid safely, dial the emergency hotline for assistance. If someone is badly exposed, call for immediate medical help while giving the necessary first aid. You can neutralize the acid spill with soda ash or lime. Then recover the inert material and discard it in a chemical waste container.

The acid should be stored in cool, dry areas with good ventilation. Unused and old car batteries can pose hazard when improperly stocked up.

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